Directly: Measuring the concentration of pollutants
- Acidity of rain
- Amount of gases in atmosphere or emissions
- Soil pH
- Concentration of nitrates, phosphates, sulfates in soil and water
- Amount of organic matter in soil and water
- Amount of bacteria
- Concentration of (heavy) metals
- BOD (biochemical oxygen demand: the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water): used to determine the pollution of water. The greater the BOD, the more pollution.
- Absence or presence of indicator species
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